初中英语：一些常用的语法公式

• a+单数量词+of+复数可数名词●  a basket of eggs一篮子鸡蛋● a group of children一群孩子

• 数词+复数量词+of+复数可数名词●  two boxes of pens 两盒钢笔●  two baskets of apples两篮子苹果

• a+单数量词+of+不可数名词● a piece of chalk 一支粉笔●  a bit of bread一点面包

• 数词+复数量词+of+不可数名词●  two glasses of milk 两杯牛奶●  three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡

• 单数名词词尾+’s 表示所属●  the children’s toys 儿童玩具●  today’s news今天的新闻

• 复数名词词尾(以s结尾)+’ 表示所属●  My parents’ hometown is very beautiful.我父母的家乡非常美。

• A(+B...)+and + C+’s 表示两者或多者共同拥有●  Professor Wang is Li Ming and Li Ling’s mother.王教授是李明和李玲的妈妈。

• A+’s(+B+’s...)+ and + C+’s  表示两者或多者分别拥有●  Tim’s and Peter’ fathers both teach in the same school.蒂姆的爸爸和彼得的爸爸在同一所学校教学。

• 名词+of+名词 一般用于无生命事物的名词，有时也可表示人或其他有生命事物的名词间的所有关系。●   The windows of that house are broken.那间屋子的窗户破了。

• 名词+of+名词的’s所有格●  I have only read four books of Dickens’.我只看过狄更斯的四本书。

• many等+复数可数名词 只修饰复数可数名词的词或短语有a great many， quite a few等。● He made a great many mistakes.他犯了许多错误。

• much等+不可数名词 只修饰不可数名词的词或短语有a good/great deal of，a good/great/large amount of等。● We got little help from them.我们没有从他们那儿得到什么帮助。

• a lot of等+复数可数名词/不可数名词既可以修饰复数可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语有plenty of， lots of， quantities of，a quantity of等。● Some police officers in the UK carry guns, but most of them don’t.在英国，一些警官带枪，但大多数不带。

• a/an+单数可数名词● A square has four sides.正方形有四条边。

• the+单数可数名词●  The tiger is without doubt the most magnificent of the big cats.老虎无疑是大型猫科动物中最威武的。

• 零冠词+复数可数名词/不可数名词● Plastic is hard to break up.塑料很难分解。

• a/an+单数可数名词表示泛指、初次提到、“一；每”等意义。● He was born in a small mountainous village in Guizhou Province.他出生在贵州省的一个小山村里。

• a/an+专有名词表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一个不认识的人或不确定的时间。● The story took place in an October in the 1980s.这个故事发生在20世纪80年代一个10月。

• a/an+抽象名词 当抽象名词表示具体的人或事物，或表示引起人们某种情绪、情感的人或事时，视为可数名词，可用不定冠词修饰。● Working with Jane is a great joy.和简一起工作是一件很快乐的事情。

• a/an+物质名词如fog， rain， snow， wind等前面用不定冠词，表示“一……”之意。● I’d like a coffee and a chicken sandwich, sir.先生，我要一杯咖啡和一个鸡肉三明治。

• the+名词 特指上文提到过的、特定的或谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。●  I visited a church in Jinan. The church was built in the early 1900s.我在济南参观了一座教堂。这座教堂建于20世纪初。

• the + sun/earth等 表示自然界独一无二的事物的名词前要用定冠词。●  As time goes on, we will know more about the Mars.随着时间的推移，我们对火星的了解会更多。

• the+专有名词 由普通名词构成的专有名词或表示组织等的专有名词前一般都要加定冠词。●  We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes.据说我们生活在信息时代，一个充满了新发现和巨大变化的时代。

• the+方位名词●  from the behind从后面●  to the right朝右边

• the+形容词或分词 表示一类人、事物或抽象概念。●  The new is to take the place of the old.新事物最终会取代旧事物。

• the+乐器、娱乐活动等类的名词  在表示被演奏的西洋乐器、文艺活动或运动场所的名词前用定冠词。●  I play the guitar in the school band.我在学校乐队里面弹吉他。

• 动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位 表示身体部位的名词前要用定冠词the。●  The father led his daughter by the hand and walked into the supermarket.爸爸牵着女儿的手走进了超市。

• such/what/half + a/an(+形容词) +单数可数名词●  He has never written such an interesting book as that.他从未写过像那本书一样那么有趣的书。

• that/as/so/too/how/enough+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词●  Lily is too young a child to be left by herself at home.莉莉还太小，不能把她单独留在家里。

• quite/rather + a/an(+形容词)+名词●  I had quite/rather an easy test yesterday.我昨天的考试很简单。

• all/both/double/half/twice等+the+名词●  All the students in the class went out.班里所有的学生都出去了。

• you + he/she +I 用于多个单数人称并列的场合。●  You and I have done our best.我和你都已经尽全力了。

• we + you + they 用于多个复数人称并列的场合。●  We, you and they are all Chinese.我们、你们和他们都是中国人。

• he + she 用于男、女两性并列的场合。●  He and she don’t agree with me.他和她不同意我的看法。

• It + be/get+形容词/名词/介词短语   it用作非人称代词时，常表示天气、日期、时间、距离、温度等。●  It gets colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷。

• It + be +被强调部分+that...构成强调句，强调句子的主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，that可以换成who，其他情况一律用that。●  It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.直到我来到了这里我才意识到这个地方不仅以美景闻名，而且它的天气也很有名。

• It+be+形容词(+for sb.)+to do sth.●  It is very important for us to master the skills of computers.对于我们来说，掌握计算机技能是非常重要的。
  

• It+be+no use/no good+doing sth.意为“做…是没用的”，动名词是真正的主语，it是形式主语。●  It is no good turning to him. He is always indifferent towards others’ matters.向他求助没用，他对别人的事总是漠不关心。

• It+be+过去分词+that从句●  It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.按照规定你不能把自己电子邮箱的密码告诉别人。

• It+be+名词+不定式/that从句   it作形式主语，后面的不定式或that从句是句子的真正主语。●  It is an honour for me to be invited to speak here.我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。

• It+be+形容词+that从句●  It is obvious that he doesn’t know how to repair a car.很明显，他不知道怎样修理汽车。

• It+某些动词+that从句  常用于该公式的动词有appear，seem，happen等。●  It appears that all the files have been deleted.所有的档案好像都已经被删除了。

• It+be+(high) time...主语连系●  Now it is time for me to study hard.现在是我努力学习的时候了。

• It+is/has been+时间段+since...主语连系●  It is three months since they completed the great project.他们完成这项大工程已经3个月了。

• It+was/will be+时间段+before...意为“过多长时间才…；还要多长时间才…”。●  It was several minutes before we realized what was happening.几分钟后我们才明白发生了什么事情。

• 主语+谓语动词+it+补足语+真正宾语●  I thought it appropriate to invite her to speak at the meeting.我认为邀请她在会上发言是合理的。

• 名词+of+形容词性物主代词+own意为“完全属于自己的……，自己的……”。●  There is only one success in the world—to be able to spend your life in your own way.世界上只有一种成功,那就是能够用自己的方式度过一生。

• one..., the other...意为“(两者中的)一个……，另一个……”●  He has two sons. One is a doctor and the other is a soldier.他有两个儿子。一个是医生，另一个是军人。

• some..., others...意为“（不确定范围中的）一些……，另一些……”。●  Some boys are playing football, and others are playing basketball.一些男孩子在踢足球，另外一些在打篮球。

• some...， the others...意为“（确定范围中的）一些……，其余的……”。●  Of these students, some are from Peking University, and the others are from Tsinghua University.这些学生中，一些来自北京大学，其余的来自清华大学。

• one...another...(the other...)意为“(三者以上中的)一个……，(一个……)，另一个……”。●  The old man’s three daughters are all abroad. One is in the US, another is in England and the other seems to be in France.这位老人的三个女儿都在国外。一个在美国，一个在英国，另外一个好像在法国。

• (a) few/many(+复数可数名词)(b) little/much(+不可数名词)●  I have got a few friends who live nearby.我有几个住在附近的朋友。

• such+be...be的单复数形式由其后的名词或代词决定。●  Such were her wishes.这就是她的愿望。

• none(+of+复数可数名词或不可数名词）  no one ，none指代指人或物的可数名词或不可数名词，后面可以跟of结构；no one只能指代指人的可数名词，后面不能跟of结构。●  None of the people present agreed to the plan.在场的没有一个同意这项计划。

• 基数词+ dozenhundred/thousand/million +复数可数名词意为“……打/百/千/百万……”。●  There were about six hundred students in the school building during the earthquake.地震时教学楼里大约有600名学生。

• dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions +of +复数可数名词意为“数十/百/千/百万……”。●  She went to the bookstore and bought dozens of books.她去书店买了几十本书。

• 分钟数+past/after+小时分钟数是超过整时数30分钟内的部分，意为“……点过……分”。●   five (minutes) past/after nine9:05

• 分钟数+to+小时分钟数是超过半点距整时数的差，意为“差……分……点”。●  five (minutes) to ten9:55

• at (the age of)+基数词意为“在……岁时”。●  At (the age of) forty, he became the general manager of the company.他40岁时，成了公司的总经理。

• a/an+名词+aged+基数词，名词+of+基数词+years old意为“一个……岁的……”。●  He is an old man aged eighty.他是一位80岁的老人。

• in one’s+整十数的复数形式意为“在某人几十多岁时”。●  My mother became a professor in her thirties.我妈妈三十多岁时就成了一名教授。

• in+the+年数+s/’s意为“在……世纪……年代”。●  This kind of hairstyle was very popular in the 1990s/1990’s.这种发型在20世纪90年代非常流行。

• 倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as...意为“……是……的……倍”。●  The new stadium being built for the next Asia Games will be three times as big as the present one.正在为下一届亚运会修建的新体育场将是现在这个的三倍大。

• 倍数+the+名词+of...意为“……是……的……倍”。●  This street is  twice/double the width of that one.这条大街是那条街的两倍宽。

• 倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...意为“……是……的……倍”。●  This room is twice larger than yours.这间房子的大小是你们那间的两倍。

• 形容词/副词比较级＋than...＋by＋倍数意为“……是……的……倍”。●  This line is longer than that one by twice.这条线是那条线的两倍长。

• the+序数词+单数可数名词，,a/an+序数词+单数可数名词序数词前用the意为“第……”，用a/an意为“另一个，再一个”。●  In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找一份更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语

• on+表示具体时间的名词 表示在特定的日子、具体日期、星期几、节日或具体某一天的某个时间段上。●  on Sunday morning在星期天的早上●  on a rainy night of August 18 在8月18日的一个雨夜

• for+表示时间段的名词 表示一个时间段，可用于完成时、过去时、将来时的句子中。●  I have subscribed to that magazine for three years.我订阅那种杂志已经3年了。

• after+表示时间段的名词用于过去时，表示多长时间之后。●  The old man left home in 1924 and came back after thirty years.那位老人1924年离开家，30年后才回来。

• on/in/above/over+名词意为“在……上面”。●  There is a picture on the wall.墙上有幅画。●  The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层之上飞行。

• through/across/past/over+名词意为“穿过/经过/跨过某地”。●  I drive past a big supermarket to the office every day.我每天开车去上班时都经过一家大超市。

• between/among+名词意为“在……之间”。●  Some students often listen to music between classes to refresh themselves．一些学生通常在课间听音乐来放松自己。

• except/besides/except for+名词意为“除了……之外”。●  The office is open every day except Sundays.这个办事处除了星期天之外天天都开门。

• with/by/in+表示方式、工具的名词意为“用……来做”。●  I cut the cake with the knife.我用刀子把蛋糕切开。

• be busy (in) doing sth.意为“忙于做某事”。●  We’re busy (in) doing homework after school every day.我们每天放学后都忙于做作业。

• have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”。●  I have some trouble (in) working out this problem.解出这道题我有些困难。

• stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.意为“阻止……做某事”。●  We must stop him (from) going to swim in the river.我们必须阻止他去河里游泳。

• be (of)+种类、数量、度量、种族、国籍类名词●  Machines are (of) different types and sizes.机器有不同的型号和规格。

• （for+）时间段/距离  for多用于某些表示时间段的短语前或last, stay, wait, live及表示“位移”意义的动词后。●  The meeting lasted (for) three hours.会议持续了3个小时。

• 祈使句+or/and+陈述句意为“……，否则/那么就……”，祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果。● Seize the chance, or you’ll regret it.抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。

• ...while...意为“然而”，表示转折。●  The spring of Beijing is very dry while that of Kunming is damp.北京的春天很干燥，然而昆明的春天却很潮湿。

• ...or...意为“……或者……”，表示选择。●  Do you go to school by bus or on foot?你是坐公共汽车还是步行去上学？

• 句子（,）+but+句子 意为“……，但是……”。●  I thought wed be late for the concert, but we ended up getting there ahead of time.我以为这次音乐会我们会迟到，但最后却提前到达了。

• not...but...意为“不是……，而是……”。●  Not money but teachers are what we need.我们需要的不是钱，而是老师。

• both...and...意为“既……又……；……和……”。●  He can both write songs and compose music.他既会写歌，又会作曲。

• either...or...意为“不是……就是……,要么……要么……”。●  You can talk with Mr Black either in English or in Chinese.你可以跟布莱克先生用英文或中文谈话。

• not only...but (also)...意为“不但……而且……”。●  He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.他不仅看过这本书，而且还记得他看过的内容。

• neither...nor...意为“……和……（两者）都不”。●  She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢奶酪。

• 句子， for+句子意为“……，因为……”。●  The leaves of the trees are falling, for it’s already autumn.树叶在飘落，因为秋天已经到了。

• 复合不定代词+形容词 ，形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置。●  something interesting有趣的事情●  nothing special没什么特别的

• 名词+形容词短语，形容词短语作定语时需后置。●  Australia is a country famous for its beautiful scenery.澳大利亚是一个以风景秀丽闻名的国家。

• 名词+形容词+and/or+形容词两个意义相近或相反的形容词用and， or等连词连接作定语时，常需要后置。●  People in the village, young and old, went to see the film yesterday evening.这个村子里的老老少少昨天晚上都去看这场电影了。

• 名词+基数词+时间、度量类名词+形容词“基数词+时间、度量类名词+形容词”作定语修饰名词时要后置。●  Yesterday, a Mr Brown, thirty years old, came to visit you.昨天一位30岁、叫布朗的先生来拜访过你。

• （限定词+）观点形容词+大小、形状词+新旧、长幼词+颜色形容词+产地、来源词+材料、种类词+用途词（+名词）●  a tall gray building 一幢灰色的高楼●  that square new red box那个新的红色方形盒子

• ...as+形容词原级＋as...意为“……和……一样……”。●   This table is as clean as that one.这张桌子和那张一样干净。

• ...not as/so+形容词原级+as...意为“……不像……一样……”。●  She is not as/so happy as she pretends.她并不像她假装得那么高兴。

• ...as+形容词原级+不可数名词，复数可数名词+as...意为“……和……一样……”。●   I have as many books as Tom.我和汤姆的书一样多。

• ...as+形容词原级+a/an+可数名词单数+as...意为“……和……一样……”。●   Most doctors think that medicine is as much an art as it is a science.多数医生认为医学既是一门科学又是一门艺术。