正在进行时中，谓语动词后加ing。如：I'm playing football。

一些特殊表达，如：be good at doing sth；enjoy doing sth；be busy doing；feel like doing；thank you for doing.

规则口诀：动词ing形式的变化规则主要有八种，分别是：

动词加+ing；双写最后的辅音字母再加+ing；不发音字母e结尾的动词去掉e再加+ing；y结尾的动词直接+ing；以ie结尾的动词改ie为y再加+ing等。

1.在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如：a developing country.一个发展中的国家， boiling water沸水，rising sun冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较：a developed country 一个发达国家，boiled water沸水， risen sun升起的太阳）

2.在语态上表示主动。例如：the ruling class统治阶级，the exploiting class剥削阶级。（试比较：the ruled class被统治阶级，the exploited class被剥削阶级）

v-ing形式做动词（短语）的宾语，常用动词（短语）有：

Avoid/miss/put off/delay+v-ing:意为“避免/错过/延期做某事”

Advice/finish/practice+v-ing:意为“建议/完成/实践做某事”

Enjoy/imagine/cant’help+v-ing:意为“喜欢/想象/忍不住做某事”

Admit/deny/envy+V-ing：意为“承认/否定/嫉妒做某事”

Escape/risk/excuse+v-ing”意为“逃避/冒险/不原谅做某事”

Stand/keep/mind+v-ing:意为“忍受/保持/不介意做某事”

例如：I enjoy travelling.我享受旅行。

一、什么情况下句首的动词要用ing形式，什么情况下用原型？

1.作主语 

动词的 -ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加 -ing构成，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。 

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 

Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火车到杭州要16个小时。 

It's nice talking with you.和你谈话很高兴。 

It's no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用。 

There is no harm in doing so. 这样做没有害处。 

2.作表语 

动词 -ing可用来作表语。如： 

This food smells inviting. 

My favorite sport is swimming. 

Their job is cleaning the window. 

3.作宾语 

1.动词-ing形式可以用作动词、短语动词和介词的宾语。 

I warned her against driving fast. 

Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 

2.有些动词和动词短语后接作宾语的非限定性动词时只能是-ing分词，常见的这类动词有：

admit， acknowledge， advise， appreciate， avoid， delay， deny， dislike， enjoy， excuse， escape， 

fancy， finish， forgive， face， endure， involve， give up， imagine， mention， mind， miss， pardon， 

practise， require， resent， resist， suggest， recall， resist， understand等。 

The doctor advised taking more exercise. 

I suggest doing it in a different way. 

3.大部分“动词+介词”短语动词，只能后接动词-ing作宾语。这些动词短语有：

think of， give up， aim at， put off， insist on， persist in， be good at， do well in， can‘t help， keep on， leave 

off， feel like， be tired （afraid， capable， fond） of， set about等。 

以下为to作介词的短语有：

be used to， object to， devote oneself to， stick to， respond to， look forward to， see to， submit to， adapt to， apply to， accede to， get to， prefer to， adjust to， owe to， 

Do you feel like having a drink？ 

I prefer swimming to playing basketball. 

4.有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语，也可以带to不定式作宾语，但在语义上却有很大的差别。如： 

⑴chance to do 碰巧去做某事 

chance doing 冒险试一试做某事 

⑵forget to do 忘记要去做某事 

forget doing 忘记曾做过某事 

⑶go on to do 接着又做另一件事 

go on doing 继续做同一件事 

⑷remember to do 记得要去做某事 

remember doing 记得曾做过某事 

⑸stop to do 停下来去做某事 

stop doing 停止做某事 

⑹try to do 努力做某事 

try doing 试一试做某事 

⑺regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾 

regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾 

⑻mean to do 打算／想做某事 

mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事 

4.作宾语补语 

l I found the parade quite interesting to watch. 

这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中，后接宾语然后加上-ing分词，构成复合宾语结构，-ing分词充当宾补成分。 

1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如：see， hear， feel， find， smell， watch， find， listen to， look at， notice， observe等。如： 

There we found him watching TV. 

I heard someone knocking at the door. 

2.在有些动词（如：regard， describe， accept， think of， quote等）之后，可由as引出-ing分 词词组作宾补。如： 

They regarded the contract as being invalid. 他们认为合同无效。 

They described the child as being very clever. 他们描述这孩子非常聪明。 

3.使役动词，如：set， keep， have， get， leave， catch等。如： 

Can you get my watch going again？你能使我的表再走起来吗？ 

This sets me thinking. 这使我思考。 

5.作状语 

ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。 

Having cleaned the rooms， we began to weed the garden.（时间） 

Coming into the room， she saw everybody already at their work.（时间） 

Being ill， he couldn‘t go to school.（原因） 

Working diligently， you will certainly succeed.（条件） 

Granting the achievements to be great， there is still something to be desired.（让步） （尽管）成绩是巨大的，（但）仍有一些要求改进的东西。 

My car was caught in a traffic jam， thus causing the delay.（结果） 

Traveling by train， we visited a number of cities.（方式） 

Mary sat by the window of the classroom， reading a book.（伴随） 

6.作定语 

a smiling face 笑脸 

a leading figure 领导人物 

-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语，如： 

easy-going man 好说话的人 

当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句。 

She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. 

She went on board the train， which was leaving for Shanghai. 

There are two roads before us， one leading to the beach， the other to the park. 

There are two roads before us， one which leads to the beach， the other to the park.

动词原型 

1. 什么是动词原型 

对于动词的概念，比较容易理解：动词就是表示动作的词。但补充一点：英语中，有些动词表示的是一种存在的状态，不能用眼睛直接看到它的动作。例如：I have a bike. （我有一本书。）He is a student.（他是一个学生。）例句中，“have/has”（有）、“am/is/are”（是）等都是动词，但我们看不出它的动作。 

什么叫动词原型呢？简单地说：就是英语词典里面给出的词。我们知道，在英语中作为谓语的动词，要根据不同时间（过去、现在、将来）进行必要的变化。例如：go（去）有现在基本的形式： 

went（过去时） go（现在时）goes（现在时第三人称单数） shall/will go（将来时）。 

动词原型就是指没有进行任何变化的那个词，也就是说最原来的一个词。在上例中就是go. 

我们再举一些例子： 

be（是） was/were（过去时） am/is/are（现在时） shall/will be（将来时） 

walk（走） walked（过去时） walk/walks（现在时）shall/will walk（将来时） 

have（有） had（过去时） have/has（现在时） shall/will have（将来时） 

2.动词原型的用法 

在英语句子中，很多时候都要用到动词原型。这里，我们以一般现在时为主，简单地介绍一下。 

英语中，动词本身可以直接表示出是什么时候时间发生的动作。一般现在时表示的是目前经常发生的动作。那它的谓语动词怎么变化的呢？ 

（1）如果是第三人称而且是单数的话，它的谓语动词要在词尾加s, es, ies。（具体方法见有关文章。） 

例如： 

He gets up early every morning. （get加了s，表示一般现在时。） 

After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. （go加了es，表示一般现在时。） 

She studies English at school. （study变成了studies，表示一般现在时。） 

（2）在一般现在时里，第三人称单数改成疑问句时要在句首加一个does。这个does叫做助动词，表示疑问；而句中原先的已经加了s，es的词，则不需要再进行变化了，要用原型动词（即没有变化的动词）。 

例如： 

肯定句：He gets up early every morning. （get加了s，表示一般现在时。） 

疑问句：Does he get up early every morning. （get去掉了s，即成了原型动词。） 

肯定句：She studies English at school. （study变成了studies，表示一般现在时。） 

疑问句：Does she study English at school? （study去掉了ies，即成了原型动词。） 

（3）同样，在一般现在时里，第三人称单数改成否定句时要在谓语动词前加一个does not（可以缩写为doesn't）。这个doesn't叫做助动词，表示否定；而句中原先的已经加了s，es的动词词，则不需要再进行变化了，而用原型动词（即没有变化的动词）。 

例如： 

肯定句：After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. （go加了es，表示一般现在时。） 

疑问句：After breakfast Mr. Li doesn't go to work by bus. （加了doesn't, 而go去掉了es) 

（4）如果是第一、二人称和复数的话，在表示一般现在时的时候，它的谓语动词不进行变化（相当于原型动词）。 

例如： 

We have four classes in the morning. （have没有变化，但仍然表示一般现在时。） 

The workers work very hard.（work没有变化，但仍然表示一般现在时。） 

（5）如果不是第三人称的或者是复数名词，它的疑问句是在句首加助动词do，而否定句是在动词谓语前加don't表示否定。 

例如： 

肯定句：We have four classes in the morning. （have没有变化，但仍然表示一般现在时。） 

疑问句：Do you have four classes in the morning?（在句首加do，句中have仍然保留原型。） 

肯定句：The workers work very hard.（work没有变化，但仍然表示一般现在时。） 

否定句：The workers don't work very hard.（句中加了don't，work仍然保留原型。） 

不定式 

不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。 

【例如】 

To complete the 30storied building in one year was 

quite a difficult task. 

To do that implies taking responsibility. 

当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到 

谓语的后面。 

【例如】 

It is important for modern young people to master 

at least two foreign languages. 

It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中： 

a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, 

inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋ 

不定式 

【例如】 

It is essential to reserve a table in advance of 

Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. 

It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. 

It is important for us young people to learn English and 

master it. 

b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, 

one’s duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...) 

＋不定式 

It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. 

It is a pity to have to go without her. 

It is a glorious death to die for the people. 

c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, 

a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式 

It takes me three hours to learn English each day. 

It took them half the night to get home in the snow.2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示 

意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。 

【例如】 

The most important thing for one’s health is to have plenty of exercise. 

My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter. 

The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information. 

What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible. 

3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语： 

afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care, 

choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine, 

expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean, 

neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve, 

seek,tend,threaten,want等。 

【例如】 

I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring. 

My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get doctor's degree. 

The room is designed to be my study,but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children. 

She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it. 

There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1) 

A) making B) to make 

C) to have made D)shavingsmade 

mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意， 他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施， 应用一般式， 因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面 结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。 

【例如】 

We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 

I think it important to learn English well in college. 

使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。 

1.不定式的时态的选用 

1）不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在谓语动词动作之后发生。 

I saw him enter the room．我看见他进入了那房间。 

I was invited to the party to be held in the roof garden．我被邀请参加在屋顶花园举行的晚会。 

2）不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。 

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long．很抱歉让你等了那么长时间。 

I heard you have finished your job．听说你已经完成了你的工作。 

3）不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行。 

They seemed to be eating something．他们好像正在吃东西。 

I am very glad to be working with you．很高兴和你一起工作。 

2. 不定式的语态 

不定式的语态与不定式表示的动作的被动与否以及它与逻辑主语的关系有关。 

1）通常而言，不定式的动作是主动的，则不定式用主动语态，反之则用被动语态。 

2）在实际运用中还要考虑不定式的逻辑主语。 

不定式的逻辑主语是全句的主语：He hurried there to find the train had gone．他赶到那里结果发现火车已经开走了。 

主语补足语： Nobody will be allowed to leave unti l7：00a．m．直到七点才允许离开。 

宾语：She dislikes to be told to do what she dislikes．她不愿听人使唤。宾语补足语是全句的宾语：Father desires me to be a doctor．父亲希望我当医生。 

定语是其中心词：These are the letters for him to be typed today．这些是他今天要打印出来的信笺。 

句中某一名词或代词：He bought a book to read．他买了一本书（自己）读。He bought me a book to read．他给我买了一本书读。 

主语和表语由for引出：It is impossible for him to do the job alone．他不可能独自干这活。 

由of引出：It is very kind of you to see us．谢谢你来看我们。 

不在句中，可根据句义推测出来：My job is to teach students English．我的工作是教学生英语。 

分词 

英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词。 

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 

1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。 

分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 

（1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 

（2）过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 

2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。 

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work…… 

Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. 

Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand. 

3、分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. 

This is really an exhausting day to all of us! 

We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 

After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. 

More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries 

4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 

5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

make sb. do sth.使某人做某事

let sb do sth.让某人做某事

get sb do sth 使某人做某事

help sb do sth

此上都为固定搭配,即不管动词do是什么,都为原形

在被动语态中,make sb do sth 要改成make sb to do sth